The catastrophic violence in Gaza has unfolded inside a global system that was by no means designed to restrain the geopolitical ambitions of highly effective states. Understanding why the United Nations has proved so restricted in responding to what many regard as a genocidal assault requires returning to the foundations of the publish–World War II order and analyzing how its construction has lengthy enabled impunity moderately than accountability.
After World War II, the structure for a brand new worldwide order based mostly on respect for the UN Charter and worldwide regulation was agreed upon because the normative basis of a peaceable future. Above all, it was meant to stop a 3rd world struggle. These commitments emerged from the carnage of worldwide battle, the debasement of human dignity by means of the Nazi Holocaust, and public anxieties about nuclear weaponry.
Yet, the political crucial to accommodate the victorious states compromised these preparations from the outset. Tensions over priorities for world order have been papered over by granting the Security Council unique decisional authority and additional limiting UN autonomy. Five states have been made everlasting members, every with veto energy: the United States, the Soviet Union, France, the United Kingdom, and China.
In follow, this left international safety largely within the palms of those states, preserving their dominance. It meant eradicating the strategic pursuits of geopolitical actors from any compulsory respect for authorized constraints, with a corresponding weakening of UN functionality. The Soviet Union had some justification for defending itself towards a West-dominated voting majority, but it too used the veto pragmatically and displayed a dismissive method to worldwide regulation and human rights, as did the three liberal democracies.
In 1945, these governments have been understood as merely retaining the standard freedoms of manoeuvre exercised by the so-called Great Powers. The UK and France, main NATO members in a Euro-American alliance, interpreted the long run by means of the lens of an rising rivalry with the Soviet Union. China, in the meantime, was preoccupied with a civil struggle that continued till 1949.
Three points of this post-war association form our current understanding.
First, the historic facet: Learning from the failures of the League of Nations, the place the absence of influential states undermined the organisation’s relevance to questions of struggle and peace. In 1945, it was deemed higher to acknowledge energy differentials inside the UN than to assemble a world physique based mostly on democratic equality amongst sovereign states or inhabitants measurement.
Second, the ideological facet: Political leaders of the extra prosperous and highly effective states positioned far larger belief in hard-power militarism than in soft-power legalism. Even nuclear weaponry was absorbed into the logic of deterrence moderately than compliance with Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which required good-faith pursuit of disarmament. International regulation was put aside at any time when it conflicted with geopolitical pursuits.
Third, the economistic facet: The profitability of arms races and wars strengthened a pre–World War II sample of lawless international politics, sustained by an alliance of geopolitical realism, company media, and private-sector militarism.
Why the UN couldn’t defend Gaza
Against this background, it’s unsurprising that the UN carried out in a disappointing method in the course of the two-plus years of genocidal assault on Gaza.
In many respects, the UN did what it was designed to do within the turmoil after October 7, and solely basic reforms pushed by the Global South and transnational civil society can alter this structural limitation. What makes these occasions so disturbing is the extremes of Israeli disregard for worldwide regulation, the Charter, and even fundamental morality.
At the identical time, the UN did act extra constructively than is usually acknowledged in exposing Israel’s flagrant violations of worldwide regulation and human rights. Yet, it fell in need of what was legally doable, significantly when the General Assembly did not discover its potential self-empowerment by means of the Uniting for Peace decision or the Responsibility to Protect norm.
Among the UN’s strongest contributions have been the near-unanimous judicial outcomes on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on genocide and occupation. On genocide, the ICJ granted South Africa’s request for provisional measures regarding genocidal violence and the obstruction of humanitarian help in Gaza. A last choice is predicted after additional arguments in 2026.
On occupation, responding to a General Assembly request for clarification, the Court issued a historic advisory opinion on July 19, 2024, discovering Israel in extreme violation of its duties below worldwide humanitarian regulation in administering Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. It ordered Israel’s withdrawal inside a 12 months. The General Assembly affirmed the opinion by a big majority.
Israel responded by repudiating or ignoring the Court’s authority, backed by the US authorities’s extraordinary declare that recourse to the ICJ lacked authorized benefit.
The UN additionally offered way more dependable protection of the Gaza genocide than was out there in company media, which tended to amplify Israeli rationalisations and suppress Palestinian views. For these searching for a reputable evaluation of genocide allegations, the Human Rights Council supplied probably the most convincing counter to pro-Israeli distortions. A Moon Will Arise from this Darkness: Reports on Genocide in Palestine, containing the publicly submitted reviews of the particular rapporteur, Francesca Albanese, paperwork and strongly helps the genocide findings.
An additional unheralded contribution got here from UNRWA, the UN company for Palestinian refugees, whose providers have been important to a civilian inhabitants dealing with acute insecurity, devastation, hunger, illness, and merciless fight techniques. Some 281 employees members have been killed whereas offering shelter, training, healthcare, and psychological help to beleaguered Palestinians in the course of the course of Israel’s actions over the previous two years.
UNRWA, as a substitute of receiving deserved reward, was irresponsibly condemned by Israel and accused, with out credible proof, of permitting employees participation within the October 7 assault. Liberal democracies compounded this by reducing funding, whereas Israel barred worldwide employees from getting into Gaza. Nevertheless, UNRWA has sought to proceed its reduction work to the most effective of its skill and with nice braveness.
In gentle of those institutional shortcomings and partial successes, the implications for international governance grow to be much more stark, setting the stage for a broader evaluation of legitimacy and accountability.
The ethical and political prices of UN paralysis
The foregoing must be learn in gentle of the persevering with Palestinian ordeal, which persists regardless of quite a few Israeli violations, leading to greater than 350 Palestinian deaths for the reason that ceasefire was agreed upon on October 10, 2025.
International regulation appears to haven’t any direct impression on the behaviour of the primary governmental actors, nevertheless it does affect perceptions of legitimacy. In this sense, the ICJ outcomes and the reviews of the particular rapporteur that take the worldwide regulation dimensions significantly have the oblique impact of legitimising varied types of civil society activism in help of true and simply peace, which presupposes the realisation of Palestinian fundamental rights – above all, the inalienable proper of self-determination.
The exclusion of Palestinian participation within the US-imposed Trump Plan for shaping Gaza’s political future is an indication that liberal democracies stubbornly adhere to their unsupportable positions of complicity with Israel.
Finally, the unanimous adoption of Security Council Resolution 2803 in unacceptably endorsing the Trump Plan aligns the UN absolutely with the US and Israel, a demoralising evasion and repudiation of its personal truth-telling procedures. It additionally establishes a most unlucky precedent for the enforcement of worldwide regulation and the accountability of perpetrators of worldwide crimes.
In doing so, it deepens the disaster of confidence in international governance and underscores the pressing want for significant UN reform if real peace and justice are ever to be realised.
The views expressed on this article are the writer’s personal and don’t essentially mirror Al Jazeera’s editorial stance.
